教學(xué)目標(biāo)
掌握分析三相異步電動機(jī)的機(jī)械特性;
掌握三相異步電動機(jī)的各種起動方法;
掌握三相異步電動機(jī)的回饋、反接、能耗制動運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。
3.1 Speed /Torque Curves
Vocabulary
1. power distribution
2. electromagnetical torque
3. breakdown torque=stalling torque
4. asymptotic
5. abscissae
6. skew
7. full-pitch coil
Example
A three-phase,230V,60Hz,12kW,4 pole wound induction motor has the following parameters expressed in Ω /phase.
R1=0.095 x1=0.68
x2=0.672 xm=18.7
Using MATLAB, plot the electromechanical torque Tmech as a function of rotor speed in r/min for rotor resistances of r2=0.1,0.2,0.5,1.0 and 1.5 Ω .
3.2 Starting of Induction Motors
Vocabulary
ball mill, crusher, compressor
terminal, a deep-bar cage
installation, maintenance
aperiodic component
resultant flux , stationary
inrush current , residual magnetisation
qualitative , inertia , parabola , kinetic
direct connection to the line
autotransformer
starting by star-delta switching
m.m.f = magnetomotive force 磁動勢
rotating field 旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場
ampere-turns 安匝
stator, rotor, primary (secondary) winding 定、轉(zhuǎn)子初(次)級繞組
slip 轉(zhuǎn)差,滑差
lamination 沖片,疊片;薄片
periphery 圓周
counterclockwise 反時(shí)針方向的
phase-sequence 相序
It is interesting to note that this expression could have been written down directly by applying the general theorem for maximum power transfer in such a series circuit; i.e. the load resistance must be equal to the impedance modulus of the remaining circuit components.
The starting torque can be increased up to the maximum figure merely by inserting an external resistance to bring r 2 up to (substitute s=1 in eqn. (2.7)), this value is much higher than the natural rotor resistance
In a number of industries motors must satisfy very strict speed characteristic requirements, both in respect to range and smoothness of control and also in respect to economical operation. From the point of view of speed-control characteristics, induction motors are inferior to d.c. motors, the shortcoming being the greater the wider the range of control.
1. State in which quadrants a machine operates
???a. As a brake
???b. As a motor
???c. As a generator
2. Under what circumstances is reduced voltage starting required ?
3. Name four types of circuit diagrams and describe the purpose of each.
o 轉(zhuǎn)子串電阻分級起動
作圖法計(jì)算起動電阻 :
先畫固有機(jī)械特性;
確定最大起動轉(zhuǎn)矩 T 1 及切換轉(zhuǎn)矩 T 2 ;
作第一級起動機(jī)械特性;
作第二級起動機(jī)械特性;
作第三級起動機(jī)械特性;
完成作圖。
解析法計(jì)算起動電阻
3.3 三相異步電動機(jī)的制動
能耗制動
基本原理
????制動停車過程中,系統(tǒng)原來貯存的動能消耗了,這部分能量主要被電動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)換為電能消耗在轉(zhuǎn)子回路中,與他勵直流電動機(jī)的能耗制動過程相似。因此,上述過程亦稱之為能耗制動。
o 定子等效電流
????三相異步電動機(jī)能耗制動過程中電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩 T 的產(chǎn)生,是由于轉(zhuǎn)子與定子磁通勢之間有相對運(yùn)動;相對運(yùn)動速度的大小與方向不同,則轉(zhuǎn)矩 T 的大小與方向也隨之不同。
????分析能耗制動狀態(tài)下運(yùn)行的三相異步電動機(jī),可以用三相交流電流產(chǎn)生的旋轉(zhuǎn)磁通勢 等效替代直流磁通勢 ,在等效替代后,就可以使用電動運(yùn)行狀態(tài)時(shí)的分析方法與所得結(jié)論。等效替代的條件是:
(1) 用 等效 ,需保持磁通勢幅值不變,
(2) 用 等效 ,需保持磁通勢與轉(zhuǎn)子之間相對轉(zhuǎn)述 ( 即轉(zhuǎn)差 ) 不變,為 0-n=-n 。
o 轉(zhuǎn)差率及等值電路
機(jī)械特性
特點(diǎn):
v 異步電動機(jī)能耗制動的機(jī)械特性與定子接三相交流電源運(yùn)行時(shí)的機(jī)械特性相似。
v 當(dāng)直流勵磁一定,而轉(zhuǎn)子電阻增加時(shí),產(chǎn)生最大制動轉(zhuǎn)矩時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)速隨之增加,但是產(chǎn)生的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩值不變。
v 轉(zhuǎn)子電路電阻不變,而增大直流勵磁電流時(shí),產(chǎn)生的最大制動轉(zhuǎn)矩增大,但產(chǎn)生最大轉(zhuǎn)矩時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)速不變。
反接制動
倒拉反轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)行
????拖動位能性恒轉(zhuǎn)矩負(fù)載運(yùn)行的三相繞線式異步電動機(jī),若在轉(zhuǎn)子回路內(nèi)串人一定值的電阻,電動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速可以降低。如果所串的電阻超過某一數(shù)值后,電動機(jī)還要反轉(zhuǎn),運(yùn)行于第Ⅳ象限,稱之為倒拉反轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。
倒拉反轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)行時(shí)負(fù)載向電動機(jī)送入機(jī)械功率是靠負(fù)載儲存的位能的減小,是位能性負(fù)載倒過來拉著電動機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)。
回饋制動運(yùn)行
????電動機(jī)運(yùn)行于第Ⅳ象限, T>0 , n<0 ,稱為反向回饋制動。起重機(jī)高速放下重物時(shí),經(jīng)常采用反向回饋制動運(yùn)行方式。
????反向回饋制動運(yùn)行時(shí),電動機(jī)的功率關(guān)系與正向回饋制動過程是一樣的,電動機(jī)是一臺發(fā)電機(jī),它把負(fù)載位能減少而輸入的機(jī)械功率變?yōu)殡姽β?,然后回送給電網(wǎng)。從節(jié)能的觀點(diǎn)看問題,反向回饋制動下放重物比能耗制動下放重物要好。
??? 運(yùn)行在正向電動狀態(tài)的三相異步電動機(jī),當(dāng)拖動的負(fù)載是位能恒轉(zhuǎn)矩負(fù)載時(shí),如果進(jìn)行反接制動停車,當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)速降到 n=0 時(shí)若不采取聽出措施,那么電動機(jī)將會反接起動,并最后運(yùn)行于反向回饋制動狀態(tài)。
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